Morality of Drug Use Free Essays

In his book entitled â€Å"Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues,† Vincent Ryan Ruggiero defined a measures comprising of three components, which rules identifies with deference for people as a hypothetical develop and a down to earth moral standard for regular dynamic (Ruggiero, 78). These three measures are commitments, moral standards and results, which are for the most part relevant to the assurance of legitimate lead according to sedate use (Ruggiero, 79). Moral Ideals. We will compose a custom article test on Ethical quality of Drug Use or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Ruggiero clarified his idea of good beliefs as particular from commitments. For him, beliefs are objectives that describe greatness, which objectives are focused on by various people (Ruggiero, 78). Specifically, and according to regard for people, he talked about that ethical standards help an individual in accomplishing regard for people (Ruggiero, 80). He likewise explained that ethical goals could be made out of different classes, for example, the â€Å"cardinal virtues† of old and the philosophical excellencies of strict masterminds. He in like manner placed that ethical beliefs could change from individual to individual, or from culture to culture (Ruggiero, 81). This is a significant recommendation, on the grounds that the distinctions in moral standards decide the distinctions in treatment given by every individual on shifting activities. In this way, one individual could view an ethical perfect as something other than that, for instance as a commitment that requires consistence. Applying this idea to the moral issue of medication use, it would be presumed that the point of view could be seen from various alternate points of view, which likewise have shifting good goals. This implies medicate use could be seen emphatically or contrarily by various societies or populace, contingent upon their separate good beliefs. For instance, a populace of clinical experts, for example, specialists would clutch the perfect that medication use is fundamental in specific cases, for example, in circumstances of an ailment or sickness that must be restored by the organization of specific medications. Then again, a populace comprising of the strict whose confidence directs the shirking of medications would clutch the specific inverse good perfect. Subsequently, a moral choice depends on the ethical beliefs to which the populace concerned follow, on the grounds that such good standards decide the sort of moral choice that would most likely be made in some random circumstance. Commitments. Ruggiero likewise examined the idea of commitments as a standard for deciding admiration for people. His idea of commitments alludes to the component of impulse into doing a specific demonstration, as controlled by the circumstance in question or the connection between or among parties (Ruggiero, 80). He in like manner clarified that various types of circumstances and relational relations direct the sort of commitments that are forced on an individual. Survey tranquilize use in the light of Ruggiero’s idea of commitments, medicate use could be morally advocated by defining a circumstance with the end goal that the organization or medicine of restorative medications and the relating use is viewed as a commitment with respect to the specialist and the patient to keep up the latter’s great wellbeing and long life. Results. At last, Ruggiero talked about the idea of results, which allude with the impacts of an activity on an individual (Ruggiero, 81).â He expresses that the impacts could be arranged into valuable or unsafe impacts, or gathered by kind, for example, regardless of whether they are physical or passionate (Ruggiero, 81). The most significant part of Ruggiero’s conversation of the subject is his position that the advantage or mischief brought about by a particular demonstration is dictated by the effect of such a follow up on all people included, including the entertainer (Ruggiero, 81). This measure is applicable in the issue of medication use, in light of the fact that at last, any moral choice on this issue relies on its consequences for the client. Along these lines, sedate use could be morally legitimized on the off chance that it is indicated that there are medical advantages that could support the client or his locale. Then again, confirmation that medication utilize just prompts individual or aggregate mischief would tilt the kindness against tranquilize use. In aggregate, Ruggiero’s three measures are applicable in any conversation of the ethical quality of medication use. These measures give handy information respect to the things that one ought to be taking a gander at, preceding creation a moral choice. Works Cited Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. Pondering Ethical Issues. sixth ed. Step by step instructions to refer to Morality of Drug Use, Essay models

Research and critically evaluate the context of addiction, Essay

Research and basically assess the setting of compulsion, (multi)generational injury, and social determinants of wellbeing in rela - Essay Example Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to clarify the setting of compulsion, however just a couple have connected the individual encounters and connections in the general public to the setting of fixation. This paper will address how family life, social structures, and other financial elements add to substance misuse bringing about fixation. All the more explicitly, the paper will break down how an individual’s experiencein youth just as multi-generational injury add to the advancement of habit. First Nation’s People in Canada The First Nations individuals are the native gatherings in Canada, for example, Inuit and Metis that endured cultural assimilation, after the Europeans forced another culture, supplanting the people’s customary culture. This happened by means of impulse, with the individuals losing their social personality. These people group show a type of social incapacity that has characterized the general public since the cultural assimilation. These pe ople group have lingered behind the remainder of Canada, aw showed by the financial elements of the general public (Satzewich and Wotherspoon, 2002). Substance Use and Addiction among First Nation’s People As portrayed over, the financial elements of these networks display the requirement for mediation. ... The Inuit people group encounters a high pervasiveness of substance maltreatment with the most normally utilized substances being cocaine, weed, and solvents. Among the Nunavik, cannabis is the main medication manhandled by the individuals (Satzewich and Wotherspoon, 2002). Guys structure the high populace of the individuals utilizing substances, despite the fact that this doesn't bar ladies, who additionally report an elevated level of substance use. Moreover, smoking is predominant among the First Nation’s individuals, with pregnant ladies enjoying the propensity presenting genuine wellbeing dangers to the kid. Different measurements show that 66% of the populace enjoys smoking contrasted with lesser insights in the remainder of the Canadian culture. Past comprehension of dependence Many scientists have credited habit, which is the term used to signify the impulsive inclination to utilize medications to the atomic structure of the substances utilized. For instance, nicotine in tobacco, weed, cocaine, and liquor contain certain aggravates that trigger compulsion. Numerous investigations have been done with the point of showing how the atomic structure of these substances has added to habit (Dube et al, 2002). A considerable lot of different hypotheses encompass the accessibility of medications in the general public just as friend pressure. Just a couple of studies have looked to set up the foundations of substance misuse. As the segments underneath will show, the reason for fixation may lie further into the cultural make-up and the experience of people in the general public. Reasons for unfavorable Childhood Experiences and Multigenerational Trauma This is somewhat injury that rises above various ages, exuding from the family or

Life during IAP

Life during IAP This post has no central topic or theme. This will simply be a random ordering of things during IAP that stuck out to me. 6.178 Introduction to Software Engineering in Java 6.178 is a six-unit class offered only during IAP. It is student-taught: I actually knew/were friends with several of the instructors. The first two lectures or so were focused on using Git, a version control system that helps to coordinate/collaborate your code with other people (although we didnt actually do any collaboration in the class). Differentiating between the lingo of add, commit, push, clone, et cetera was confusing at first, but by the end of the first week I had gotten used to it and can now say that I have a basic idea of how Git works! The Java itself was pretty fast-paced, which makes sense as the class was only three weeks long. The topics, in rough chronological order, were: variables, loops, switch, if-then statements, arrays, strings, methods, classes, objects, fields, constructors, inheritance, casting, overriding, interfaces, exceptions, I/O, and testing with JUnit (now that I think about it, thats actually a lot we learned ;-;) I enjoyed the class and think it was well worth it for getting my feet wet with Git alone. Heres a sample snippet of code from a pset (we made a Battleship game). Japanese ?????!3??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????MISTI Japan?????????? Japanese is a difficult language, even as a fluent speaker of Korean. Korean and Japanese have very similar grammatical structures, and they also have similar pronunciations for many words. Some examples are ??(???) vs. ?? (kazoku vs. kajok), ??(????) vs. ?? (shinbun vs. shinmun), and many more. This is because both the readings for these words are usually based on the Chinese pronunciation of the Kanji, i.e. Chinese characters. In fact, Korean used to be written exclusively in Chinese characters before it was popular to adopt the Korean writing system. Approximately 60% of Korean vocabulary is not native Korean but Chinese in origin, and I would assume a similar percentage for Japanese as well. Learning Hanja/Kanji/Chinese characters can help expand ones Korean vocabulary, even though in the present day Hanja is nearly obsolete and not readily used. Although I do like watching anime and sometimes find myself immersed in Japanese pop culture, the decision to learn Japanese was more of a beginning towards a long-term personal goal of basic fluency in three major East Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean). Learning Japanese has already been very rewarding for me. There are as many similarities between Japanese and Korean culture as there are differences. And studying the language itself comes with its riches of grammatical parallels, cognates, and more. I get a small but potent dose of happiness when I come across a Japanese phrase that is difficult to translate into English yet has an elegant, almost perfect Korean analog. Studying Kanji has led me to realize that so many more Korean words than I thought were based on Chinese characters. Interestingly by studying Japanese, I also learn Korean due to both languages incorporations of the Chinese writing system (although with Japanese, it is more obvious/explicit: the character is literally written, and Kanji is an essential topic for literacy). I fully intended to take Japanese I over IAP, an extremely intensive introduction to the language. After attending the first day of lecture, however, I realized that I would actually be quite bored there. My Japanese language-learning frenzy the weeks before had paid off, and I sent an email to my professor that night that I would drop out and learn on my own: ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????1-2???????????????????Japanese V??????? ??????????????????? ??????????! Her reply was reassuring. ????? ??????????????? ???????????????????! ?? Im currently finishing up Genki I, the most commonly used college Japanese textbook for beginners. My goal is to finish Genki II by the end of the summer and take the JLPT N4. Wish me luck! :D PE Downhill Skiing Skiing is a class I thought didnt exist at MIT until I looked at the PE course catalog for IAP. Every Tuesday and Thursday night at 5pm, you get on a bus and spend an hour getting to Nashoba Valley Ski Area. You get a one-hour lesson and then youre free to ski or snowboard for the rest of the night until 10pm, after which you hop back on the bus and return to MIT at around 11pm. Was it worth it? I think so: I went with a couple friends I already knew, made some new ones, and learned how to parallel ski. In the beginning of the month, I was struggling to figure out how to turn and could barely do green (easy) trails without falling: after the last class a few days ago, I could go down some of the easier black diamonds (difficult) with ease. Next quarter, Im taking beginner archery with a friend. Gotta work on that pirates license! ;D Miscellaneous I do miss classes a little bit. Ill be talking about the classes Im taking in a future post. Coincidentally coindicing with Bad Ideas weekend, which is a primarily EC-hosted series of events that are generally terrible ideas, like having a Chicken McNugget eating contest or baking 2^12 cookies in one day, I hosted a Cutthroat Kitchen contest with some of my friends. It was messy. There was sabotage. It was glorious. There were many videos. Ive been passively working on cutting and gluing them together to make a large, cohesive video that I hope to share with you someday. I miss Toons rehearsals: I desperately want to sing again. Ive been spending a lot more time in 2E at Next House lately. Questions of where Ill be living next fall linger. Most likely I will stay in 5th West at East Campus, but there are other possibilities, in descending order of probability: I might move to Next House. I might transfer halls. I might join a particular fraternity. Who knows. Time will tell. Allan invited many of the toons + others to a chill time in his room called WINTER IN SPACE: he read poems, people shared their musical art, I read some poems, and one person used everyone in the room as her instrument by instructing us to hum variations of a B minor chord. It was an experience I realized I had been sorely missing at MIT. The sharing of art that came from the individual in that small, ambient room was this wonderful, delicate, sacred thing. It made me happy to exist in time and space in that moment more than ever, if only for that time. Recently, my mind has been wandering aimlessly amidst a weekend that could have gone better. A weekend that, despite the melancholy that somehow nips at me in the physical form that is cold wind and icy air, could not be more fitting for what will be a very tough semester ahead. I end my thoughts, and this blog post, with one of the poems I read: sitting here in the middle of all things- i, a vessel of senses, have learned to take in and let go. my shirts juice-stain, my bodys heart-strain, my rooms window-pane with no curtain, cant be certain of the life that passes through me. youre right- my hearts a fickle thing and wanes like that up there. likewise, sometimes the algid cum. clouds that haze that rocky waste come down and wrap my heart into a fog, an introspection i myself cant comprehend. took a walk today- february, frost, and flowers. there was nothing of the latter, of course. some days you have to wake up and imagine that such things exist. thats what i hold on to, anyway. Post Tagged #6.178 #Bad Ideas Weekend #East Campus #Next House #PE #Skiing #Wellesley-MIT Toons

How Racism Affects Urbanization in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2714 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Racism in America Essay Did you like this example? The urbanization of America and the history that ties to it has been examined and theorized by many. The influences of what created such a history is up for debate. When cities began to develop in America, it appeared to be a result of the limited resources that were available in rural areas. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Racism Affects Urbanization in America" essay for you Create order People believed that if they moved from a rural area to an urban one, the potential for a better life and opportunity would be possible for their families. Migration from all areas of the world generated a wide range of characteristics in people and one of those differences, although there were many, was race. Cities were known as â€Å"Melting Pots.† These people were representing a collection of cultures, beliefs, religions, and new ways of life. Race, although disguised in many ways, was the driving force in the reshaping and overall development of Urban America. African Americans first migrated North and West right after Emancipation. Millions of them decided to move into cities in these regions, this â€Å"†¦ played a highly influential role in redefining American culture and transforming the political landscape of the century.† (357)^1 Due to the fact that African Americans and Immigrants migrated to the Americas with little to no money, there was high demand for low-income housing. With so many people flooding the cities for hopes of a better life, there was restricted space for people to live. The new urban American society developed to accommodate the large numbers of people moving in from the rural areas. This diverse population, bringing together different ethnic backgrounds and new ideas that were trying to exist as one, provided a deep necessity to make some big changes. The combinations of many cultures, languages, and religions forced the development of an urban society to accommodate the needs of all. Initially, the population in cities increased so quickly that people were losing jobs. One example would be the increase in agricultural efficiency, which caused many farmers to be unemployed. Farmers were forced to look to the city for employment. Another example would be how the immigrants came to the cities looking for employment in order to escape the poverty in their previous country, but were unaware of the challenges faced ahead when they arrived in America. These challenges consisted of malnutrition, poverty, unpleasant living conditions, and language barriers. When people migrated to America, they searched for jobs in factories because they required limited to no communication. These jobs were few and far between because of the overpopulation of immigrants during that time. When immigrants didn’t have a source of income to rely on, they turned to what they knew best. Immigrants began selling goods and cultural commodities just to make a living. Not having the opportuni ty to obtain a factory job was another example of racial discrimination. The city limited the immigrants to a small number of possible jobs. This is where people had to get creative. For example, places like Chinatown evolved because their goods only appealed to other Chinese immigrants, forcing them to reside in the same communities. Include more examples This trend seemed to carry on with others as well. The combination of millions of immigrants migrating to the city with little to no money as well as searching for work led city officials to formulate a plan for low-income housing. City planning became a top priority, which helped the development of low-income housing. Tenements were built, which were the beginnings of urbanization. Building the tenements also opened up a whole other set of challenges. Tenements were â€Å" divided into small apartments, as numerous as decency will admit.† (60)^1 These divided apartments tended to be split, and closet size rooms were not far off. These small apartments were rented to the poor. Tenants were required to pay their dues in advance in order to guarantee the lease. Families that had first priority were able to find the apartment in good condition. Due to no management and supervision of the tenements, they quickly became out of control. With numerous people living in one small area, poor sanitation, bad hygiene, grime and fi lth quickly became a problem. This lead to disease and many times even death. This called for the cities to implement sanitation laws and getting reformers to fight for the rights of the people. This sanitary movement inspired urban novelists such as Upton Sinclair and social commentators such as Jacob Riis to acknowledge the reputation of filthy cities, New York being at the top. These sanitation laws attempted to create better health conditions, a clean environment, and an escape from poverty for immigrants. These reformers recognized the racial discrimination of putting immigrants in this living state. Over the course of U.S. history, the role of race was continuously a part of the decision making process in almost every aspect of the creation of urbanization in America. People in communities were not willing to admit the significant role that our government played in the verdict of development; however, it clearly stood center stage. For several decades, city planners tramped through neighborhoods in the name of urban renewal. This was underwritten by federal funding from the 1949 Housing Act, as well as the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. These Acts increased housing standards that, in turn, eliminated the slum areas and drastically improved living conditions. According to David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park, urban renewal was â€Å"devastating to many communities earning urban renewal the nicknames â€Å"Negro removal† and â€Å"Mexican removal.† (300)^1 African Americans had limited housing options at this time, even though they may have been willing to pay more than a white person for the same house. The real estate industry made a large effort to create all black suburbs, which ended up being highly overcrowded. The newly created suburban communities quickly turned into slum areas, which caused property values to decrease significantly. This trend continued for many years after. Realtors additionally contributed to this racial segregation by using scare tactics to guide prospective home buyers to stay clear of certain neighborhoods, all with their racial prejudices leading the fight. These are just a few examples of the many federal programs that displaced residents in the black communities. There was a huge misconception linked to segregation based on race. This misconception was that African Americans simply couldn’t afford to live in middle class neighborhoods and chose to live in areas where waste and filth was welcomed. According to Clifton Hood, communities with the highest racial and ethnic residents were located near commercial hazardous waste facilities. To be exact, â€Å"Three out of the five of the largest commercial hazardous waste landfills in the U.S. were located in predominantly Black or Hispanic communities.† (331)^1 Reader) Blacks and other minorities were placed in these undesirable living areas because of race and poverty issues. The government soon began to create large subdivisions; however, strict conditions were enforced and only Whites were allowed to purchase the homes, giving African Americans limited options. African Americans were eventually forced to live in apartments due to the fact that the values of the homes purcha sed by the Whites nearly doubled, resulting in many African Americans being forced out because they couldn’t afford the houses. Realtors used this idea to their advantage, and obviously knew that African Americans wouldn’t ever have enough money to afford them. The government once again, masked behind their racism, passed zoning ordinances that would exclude minorities. The ordinances prevented apartments from being built in suburbs that had existing single-family (white) homes, making it obvious to most that they wanted to make the suburb racially exclusive. This racial trend seemed to continue on for many years. Behind racial discrimination lies the members of the federal government. While some of the members were behind the newly implemented laws, other members were not able to openly admit their desire to keep African Americans separate from whites. If one were to look back as early as the inception of the U.S. Census in 1790, the way Blacks were categorized was based on the percentage of their blood. This was a very cruel way to view a human being, no matter their race, or ethnic background. The American government started their misconstrued conception of race based on those African American categorizations. As time passed, and leadership evolved, America somehow was able to desegregate the buses, the restaurants, the schools, as well as other things, but their biggest challenge has always been desegregating neighborhoods. Desegregating neighborhoods is essential in order for people to come together as a community. If people are segregated in the areas in which they live, the poten tial for unity is simply not there. To this day, neighborhoods are still failing to desegregate, but the main issue behind it is that people tend to stay in the areas in which they were born. People don’t have the ambition to overcome adversity. According to Sharkey, â€Å"Urban neighborhoods became battlegrounds where African Americans, who sought to live wherever they chose and have equal status under the law and equal representation in government, faced fears and violent resistance.† (14)^4 All policies that were formulated were racially explicit and were prevalent at every level of government, federal, state and local. In cities such as Chicago, African Americans were restricted to the â€Å"black belt† by law. The black belt was the area they were segregated to live in by the city officials. Being contained to one area of the city, African Americans still continued to live in places that suffered from poverty, crime, and political corruption. These neighborhoods were not created by coincidence, but were created by institutions that pressured realtors to ensure that neighborhoods would not be integrated. Having cities discriminate against people for the color of their skin, even after the Emancipation, caused outrage. No matter where minorities migrated to, they could never escape racial discrimination, whether it be from the Government, city members, or white supremacists. For example, the author who wrote Uncivil War talks about the Five New Orleans Street Battles. These battles addressed how the South ultimately was not at peace after the Civil War. Riots and fighting occurred in th e streets of New Orleans because many African Americans could not afford to leave and had to stay in the vicinity of where they had been freed. African Americans were contained to certain areas due to Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes. The riots that broke out were between white supremacists who still believed in the confederacy and ex union troops. This would determine the future of the southern society. Even after the Civil War, racial discrimination seemed to still be apparent because everyone was still divided with his or her own thoughts and ideas. The southern states wanted no part of the way the government and union was being run, and were trying to find every way around assimilating to these new ideas of racial equality and created laws known as â€Å"Black Codes.† Black codes clearly violated African Americans civil rights and were used to model how people, such as government officials and citizens, were against the ideas and were not willing to except equality. These codes had the potential to arrest African Americans who were homeless, had no job, were wondering the streets, and required them to work. This was again a prime example of how the South was racially discriminating against African Americans. They were finding ways around the Unions laws to still keep slavery alive. A culmination of Black Codes, the segregating of houses, race riots, and poverty, it was apparent that no matter what African Americans did, they clearly couldnt escape racial discrimination. Therefore, African Americans tried everything they possibly could to beat the system of inequality. Life for African Americans remained extremely difficult (mentally and physically). Due to the competitive nature of America, and the need of money to succeed in society, African Americans were willing to do whatever necessary to achieve social status and a bank account. For African Americans turned to a life of crime, doing, and selling anything they may need to support their family and achieve the â€Å"American Dream†. A social activist, Martin Luther King Jr., was responsible for a majority of the American Civil rights movement in the 1950’s. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for the rights of African Americans and even lead the Montgomery bus boycott, as well as the March on Washington. The Montgomery Bus Boycott evolved after the arrest of Rosa Parks. Parks, after a very long day of work, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. During this time in history, African Americans were forced to sit in the back of the bus and were supposed to give up their seat for a white passenger if the seats in the front ran out. Arresting Rosa Parks is a sign of racial discrimination in the south and the people had to fight for what is right. Choosing Martin Luther King Jr. as the protest leader, the people fought for Rosa Parks and created the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The boycott lasted 381 days, which put an economic stress on the mass transit system and local businesses. Martin Luther King Jr. was a target of white supremacists during the American Civil rights movement, which later lead to his assassination. The assassination of King confirms that the fight against racial discrimination was a struggle. Whites were willing to go that extra step just so they didn’t have to adapt to a new way of life. In the south, people had the hardest time acknowledging African Americans as â€Å"free† and equal according to the law. Another example of how African Americans fought back against racial discrimination was â€Å"sit- ins†. In Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1st, 1960, four black college students sat in the â€Å"Whites Only† section at a restaurant. When asked to leave, the students refused and decided to stay as a way to protest against racial discrimination in public places. They were denied service immediately and white supremacists would surround them†¦.(need to finish with other ways people tried to fight back racial discrimination). Paragraph about Los Angelos Paragraph about Present Day. What is this American Dream that individuals are searching for? For most it is typically represented buying a home, and having a job to provide for living needs. Most Americans have their home and job as their greatest asset. It provides the means for a family and everyday life. There are really no characteristics that have not been discriminated against in our society. However, with many challenges still in place, race and opportunity, although slightly improved continues to remain unequal and sadly the gap grows. Urban history has really been simply put, moving people to solve problems but perhaps instead of looking at it so simplistically individuals should evaluate the roots to it all in racism. Why do people only try to make move when there are people of color and poor? Why do individuals restrict those with language barriers and cultural differences? How has it become normal to take privilege over time for middle class whites when it is clear as day that it still continues in our lives? Who are these city planners? Has anyone ever looked at their racial bias in their decision-making? Is it even possible after all of this progression and growth that we still in 2018 remain stuck in the racist theme of city planning. Our misconception of race masked behind our government and others has fueled the fire to many aspects of our world. City planners, the government, realtors and many others, have played a key role in creating structural barriers and ethnic issues that make racial inequalit ies in housing, jobs, and our everyday life still persistent today. In due time one can only hope our perceptions of people change all based on views of race. Bibliography [1]Steven H. Corey and Lisa Krissoff Boehm, The American Urban Reader History and Theory (Nueva York: Routledge, 2011). 71 [1]James K. Hogue, Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011). 3Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). 4PATRICK SHARKEY, UNEASY PEACE: The Great Crime Decline, the Renewal of City Life, and the next War on Violence (S.l.: W W NORTON, 2019).

Questions On Granger Causality Test Table 3 - 1632 Words

5.1.5 RESULT FOR GRANGER CAUSALITY TEST Table 3: Pairwise Granger Causality Tests Date: 12/31/16 Time: 03:14 Sample: 1980 2014 Lags: 9 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probabiliy EXPORTS does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 11.0158 0.00228 RGDP does not Granger Cause EXPORTS 1.96909 0.19193 EMPL does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 9.44839 0.00365 RGDP does not Granger Cause EMPL 5.54812 0.01712 IMPORTS does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 0.95566 0.53661 RGDP does not Granger Cause IMPORTS 0.72990 0.67732 GDI does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 0.55345 0.79919 RGDP does not Granger Cause GDI 0.57093 0.78707 INFRAT does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 2.95875 0.08333 RGDP does not Granger Cause INFRAT 1.02953 0.49626†¦show more content†¦At first we couldn’t rejected the null hypothesis because result from table 1 shows that only two variables were stationary at level while four variables became stationary at first difference and the result gives us the strong proof of unit root in the variables. Therefore all variables were tested at first difference and the ADF test make known that all the variables became stationary at first difference, therefore, the null hypothesis at first difference of unit root were rejected so we concluded by saying that the variables became stationary after first difference. Which means that the variables are co-integrated of order one I(1), and this give us the chance to performed co-integration analysis. From the result, we realized that international trade in Liberia more than decades has produced a very little significant impact on economic growth. As a result, the viewpoint of the economy as of (1980-2014) is not much hopeful in spite of the constant trade flow into Liberia though, the country economy still undergoes so many problems, in this light, all variables using as proxies to international trade, only imports (IMP) was positive and significant while other remained significant but negative. This indicates major problems in the economy of Liberia and also confirmed why the nation economy has recorded a trade deficitShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria5797 Words   |  24 PagesEMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA By KELECHI IYOKO. Abstract The concomitant unequal distribution of the benefits of Globalisation and the fear expressed by most developing countries about the negative impact of globalization, has made the question on the relationship between globalization (characterized by foreign direct investment, economy openness and net capital flows) and Economic Growth both in developed and developing countries lie at the heart of debates on economic development policyRead MoreHuman Capital Formation in Bangladesh4299 Words   |  18 Pagesrun co-integration between the variables. The Granger Causality test is use to check the causal relationship between the variables. The results of ARDL co-integration shows that there is no co-integration exist among the variables. Secondary School education does granger cause to the Gross capital formation. But the Gross capital formation does not granger cause to the Secondary school education. In this way, the results also shows that GDP does granger cause to the Secondary School education but SecondaryRead MoreRelationship Between Exchange Rate and Stock Market7383 Words   |  30 PagesAbstract The paper examines the long and short run relationship between stock prices and exchange rate in the context of Pakistan. We used monthly data of KSE-100 index and PKR/US$ and applied Cointigration, correlation and standard granger causality tests to check the long and short run association between stock prices and exchange rate. Our findings show that relationship between KSE-100 index and exchange rate is insignificant. There is no evidence of any short-run or long run associationRead MoreEssay on The Economics of Financial Markets1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthe tradable producers are, the more the government will depreciate the exchange rate through employment of a float. â€Å"Cross-country, time-series tests on Latin American data indicate that the larger the share of manufacturing in the GDP of a country, the more likely it was to use a float or a backward-looking crawling peg.† (Hall, 2005, p. 27) These tests also indicate that the more the manufacturing in GDP, the more likely the states ditches a fixed exchange. Presently, there has been a wide differenceRead MoreWord of Mouth10606 Words   |  43 PagesThus, invitations (i.e., WOM referrals) have been the foremost driving force for sites to acquire new members. As social networking sites mature, they may begin to increase their use of traditional marketing tools. Therefore, management may begin to question the relative effectiveness of WOM at this stage. The objective of this research is to develop and estimate a model that captures the dynamic relationships among new member acquisition, WOM referrals, and traditional marketing activities. In doingRead MoreThe Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Malaysia3880 Words   |  16 Pageseconomies that compete with Malaysia over FDI inflows into developing countries can be the reason of slowdown of FDI flow into Malaysia. The FDI flows in Malaysia tend to be randomly fluctuating and unstable, though it also reaches an average inflow of US$3 billion per year. (Oti-Prempeh, 2003) identified that, there are three factors that influence the attraction of FDI in Malaysia which is its undervalued currency, degree of openness, low cost of labour moderately low inflation rate. According toRead MoreBackground Of Study Of Malaysia10269 Words   |  42 Pagesarmed forces, the unemployed and first-time job seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. In a given year in a row, the unemployment rate in this country considered as a stable fluctuation between 3 to 4% per year. Malaysia s unemployment rate stability over the past decade is quite stable and the expected rate for the total population growth in Malaysia is growing rapidly. This means that the government and society have good coordination to controlRead MoreState Regulation On Uber And Cab Drivers Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesequitable distribution of income and wealth and to improve the performance of economy (Geoff, 2006), such as the debate on state regulation on Uber and cab drivers in WNPR News recently in the United State. In the meanwhile, one of the key economic questions, what variables contribute the difference in levels of growth of GDP among countries, has a continuing discussion among economists in their papers. Is there any casual relationship between regulation and growth of GDP? Hall and Jones (1999) showedRead MoreFinancial Development and Economic Gro wth: Evidence from China9260 Words   |  38 Pagessystem by identification of co-integrating vectors through tests of over-identifying restrictions. The empirical results suggest that there exists a unidirectional causality from economic growth to financial development, conclusions departing distinctively from those in the previous studies. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C32; O11; G28 Keywords: Financial development; Economic growth; Multivariate VAR; Causality; China 1. Introduction The economic growth of China isRead MoreSupply and Demand and Market Definition8366 Words   |  34 Pagesend, the real issue being to establish whether or not firms have significant market power, i.e. the power to increase prices. This objective is rather different to the traditional neo-classical economic view of a market. The introduction of the SSNIP test in the US Department of Justice 1982 Merger Guidelines resulted in the development of new methods for defining markets and for measuring market power directly, thus eliminating the need to define the market at all. I INTRODUCTION M arket definition

The Nuclear Family - 1156 Words

American families have changed tremendously over the past years. Families did not only face the change in their status or social behavior, but also faced a change in their lifestyle. Now there are different types of families with different types of norms and values. Families are socially, ethnically and very expressively diverse than ever before. Back in the time, the role family was totally different, the parents were more strict than today. It could be said that the nuclear family is the nucleus of a society that reproduces through this type of family. what is the meaning of the nuclear family?. Basically, the nuclear family has as main characteristic that it is a concept of family that is a role and perfect familiar group that conforms†¦show more content†¦33). In addition, today we can see so many families that does not fit in the traditional family. Now most of the families both parents work and take care about the kids and the households. It is common to see unmarried couples with two or three children. For example, my parents started a relationship when they were eighteen years old, after two years my mom got pregnant. My older brother born and three years later my parents got married. In that time was not very common to see families like mine, but my parents did not care about it. Nevertheless, some people still think that the nuclear family is the same that was in the 50’s, but the truth is that the time is changing and a lot of people are focusing more in the modern families. Back in the time, being a single parent was considered wrong. It was completely different and out of the typical and traditional nuclear family. But now single parenthood is considered more acceptable. One parent families may still result from the death of a significant other, but now also come about through decisions or divorce. For example, I have so many aunts that are single moms, some of they are divorced, others are widows, and a few of them does not know wh o are the father of their kids. I grew up in Guatemala and this is so common to happen in my country. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible, but children of single parents can be just as progressive with emotional, social and behavioural skills as those with twoShow MoreRelatedThe Nuclear Family Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages The Diminishing Nuclear Family Hadar Mustafa Jun29, 2015 Introduction More often than not, stable and functional families serve as a prerequisite to a good society. Hence, the society’s support system for families must be flexible because needs and goals of families vary over time (Loveless, 2007). However, nuclear families face many challenges because parenting, child-rearing, and other economic responsibilities had to be done by two adults only (Bowden Smith, 2010). In thisRead MoreThe Nuclear Family Replaced the Extended Family After Industrialisation679 Words   |  3 PagesThe Nuclear Family Replaced the Extended Family After Industrialisation Talcott Parsons believed that the nuclear family developed mainly as a result of industrialisation. He thought that before the industry took over the functions of the family, the families were extended units of production. This means that the work and home lives were combined and so each family member taught another one skill for life such as education. Parsons says that the extended family stayed togetherRead MoreNuclear Family: Definition, Advantages Disadvantages993 Words   |  4 Pagesand elsewhere, assess the view that the nuclear family is no longer the norm. 24 marks The traditional nuclear family is defined as being a family consisting of a heterosexual couple with 2 or more dependent children (own or adopted) with a clear division of labour. Meaning the men are the instrumental role (breadwinner) and the women are the expressive role (domestic and caring/childcare). Over time this has changed and the nuclear family as become less dominant, some sociologistsRead MoreMarried with Children: The Evolution of the Nuclear Family1396 Words   |  6 Pages Constance Ahrons, a doctor who coined the term â€Å"binuclear family† once said, â€Å"Pessimists say that the family is eroding. Optimists say the family is diversifying. Both points of view are right. Families are more diverse and they are more in trouble-but not because of their diversity. The families of today-whatever their size or shape-are in crisis because our economy is failing, our national resources are shrinking, and our governmental policies to support them are inadequate.† This quote givesRead MoreThe Effects Of Nuclear Family On Modern Society950 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past few decades social scientists have been engaged debates about family change and influences in modern society, with one of the main themes being the strength and relevance of the nuclear fami ly. Those who believe that the nuclear family unit is breaking down often site the fact that social structures holding up the nuclear family, such as marriage, are collapsing ‘The chances in some societies are now less that 50-50†¦ that a child will live continuously to adult-hood with both naturalRead MoreInfluence of Nuclear Family to Development of Antisocial Behaviour795 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A nuclear family is a family comprising of parent(s) and children. This model of family is an important aspect in modeling the future of the children. It is within the family environment that a child learns the art of socialization. The family is the first teacher of any child. Therefore, the family a child grows in has a major part to determine how a child will turn out to be later in life. A child is a product of his/her family. There has been a major evolution of the structureRead MoreExamining the View that the Traditional Nuclear Family is in Decline1344 Words   |  6 Pagesthe View that the Traditional Nuclear Family is in Decline When evaluating the view that the traditional nuclear family (of two opposite sex married parents living in a household that contains only them and their own dependant children), is in decline, I will be taking various pieces of research and evidence from Sociologists, Journalists and other sources, into consideration in order to try to determine how true this view is. The nuclear family would appear to be foundRead MoreWhat Does Your Family Fit The Nuclear? Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: To what extent does your family fit the ‘Nuclear’ family, which is still, against the evidence seen as the norm in Western society? Growing up, I never really understood what a â€Å"normal† family was supposed to look like. Before I was even born, my parents had split for good (although the were never married). I stayed primarily with my mother, and it was just the two of us for about four years, although we stayed with others along the way. I interviewed my mother about this time in herRead MoreThe Nuclear Family : America s Ideal Misery Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nuclear Family: America’s Ideal Misery Many of us overlook the importance of something as simple as â€Å"family† because it has been something we are familiar with since our first day on this planet, never thinking twice about to topic. Truth be told, the family unit is crucial to who we are and what we value, and even in the bigger picture, the cultural importance it has on society. When we explore one of the most signature family units to date, the nuclear family, we learn its optimistic appealRead MoreThe Extent to Which Social Policies Reflect and Support the Traditional Nuclear Family938 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Policies Reflect and Support the Traditional Nuclear Family Social policy is the package of measures taken to solve a social problem. I intend to assess the New Right and New Left, the taxation law, the Child Support Agency, the fact that the government encourages families to look after themselves, and that 16- 18 year olds don’t get job seekers allowance. The New Right is traditional. It supports the nuclear family and is for being economically independent, not

Peyotism Essay Example For Students

Peyotism Essay The white mans reality are his streets with their banks, shops, neon lights and traffic, streets full of policemen, whores, and sad-faced people in a hurry to punch a time clock. But this is unreal. The real reality is underneath all this. Grandfather Peyote helps you find it. Crow DogPeyote, a hallucinogenic plant that is commonly used as a recreational drug, has a much greater meaning for members of the peyote religion. By examining the effects of peyote along with its role in the rituals and beliefs of the Native American Church it becomes apparent why it is such an integral part of the religion. The trade and knowledge of this sacred plant was already well defined in regions of Mexico well before European conquest and its ceremonial use was already underway in the tribes of the area in which it grew. This religious use eventually spread through North American regions. Along with its migration, the basic rituals and ceremonies changed along the way. The organization of religion involving peyote and the principle rituals had become commonly practiced among the Comanche and Kiowa tribes by the mid-eighteen hundreds. The Native American Church formed in 1921, beginning in Oklahoma. Soon after this initial formation, state and local incorporation followed in many places and continue to do so to this day. (Aberle, 19) Now, some form of peyote religion is common to most tribes of the North American continent. Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) is a very small, low growing, fuzzy type of cactus. Most of the cactus is actually underground in a long root. Both the flesh and roots can be e aten.When dried the flesh resembles brown overcoat buttons, which is where the term peyote buttons came from. Peyote isnt found just anywhere. It grows in the wild over only a small portion of the Southwestern United States known as the Peyote Garden. Precisely, Corpus Christi, Texas, Deming, New Mexico, Durango, Mexico and Puebla , Mexico bind the area in which this plant can be found and harvested. (Aberle, 5)Containing eight different alkaloids, the most important being mescaline, peyote causes a number of effects. The experience begins with an euphoric quality. It heightens the sensations to sound, color, form and texture. Further into the experience, visions begin to occur. These visions can include detailed, realistic pictures and sounds. The interpretation of these visions rather than the visions themselves are what peyotists consider most important. The peyote experience is characterized by a strong feeling of personal significance of the internal and external stimuli encoun tered during the experience. Many find themselves asking, What does this mean to me?The Native American Church came to the Indians during their darkest hour. It was around the time when the last of the buffalo had disappeared from the plains. They were left starving, helpless and with little of their old lives remaining to cling to. In the words of a member of the NAC, Mary Crow Dog, The Native American Church became the religion of the poorest of the poor, the conquered, the despoiled. Peyote made them understand what was happening and made them endure. It was the only thing that gave them strength in those, our darkest days. It was obvious that a militant religion could not have survived under white dominance. The formation of this religion was a response to the degraded status on Native Americans. Its goal- internal peace and harmony rather than competition. This idea was highly relevant to the socio-economic situation that these indigenous people were being faced with. For many, this was exactly what they needed to continue on. Since the beginning, there has been strong opposition to the Native American Church by several groups. The traditionalist Indians opposed it believing that it was a threat to traditional tribal culture. Modernist Indians as well as whites opposed the religion also saying that it was heathenistic and backward. In the early stages, peyote meetings were illegal not for the use of peyote, but because Native American rituals in general were outlawed. But, in 1934, under John Collier, the Bureau of Indian Affairs enacted a policy of non-interference with peyotism. There have been state laws prohibiting the sale, use or possession of peyote, but all such laws have been repealed since the sixties (Aberle, 18).At the present, it is legal for those acting on behalf of the Native American Church to buy or harvest peyote for their religious needs. Public Speaking EssayThe use of prayer, song, drumming and the joint eating of the peyote at various times throughout the night as well as the drinking of cold water at midnight and early morning are all key elements to the ritual. These practices are all believe to be forms of communication with the Great Spirit. During prayer, there is a staff passed around the meeting to all male participants. The staff is considered male, so females are not allowed to pray with the staff. It is believed that when you pray with the staff, your thoughts travel up it and messages from the Great Spirit travel back down. The drums also aid in the communication. It is said that when a man drums, you can read his mind. Everyone also takes part in the peyote songs. Typically, the songs do not contain words, but whether or not to add words is up to the singer. The Church members believe that with peyote to guide you, the meanings of these songs can be deciphered. The drum itself is symbolic of the India ns heartbeats. The Fire Chief starts a fire in the center of the gathering. It is said to represent the eternal life that passes from one generation to the next. The smoke from the cedar incense is then sprinkled over the fire at various times during the night. It is believed to represent all green, living things and to purify everything that the smoke touches.The feather fan and the gourd are also integral parts of the ceremony. The gourd is representative of the Spirit Voice. While the songs are going on, the feather fan is waved in the air to catch the songs. These fans can be made of different types of feathers, all of which symbolize something different. For example, the Water Bird Feather Fan is a chief symbol of the peyote religion and is used to bless the water before drinking it, while the Hawk Feather Fan is a symbol of understanding. All of the materials used during the ceremony are considered to be sacred and symbolic of something the Indians consider important. These ma terials help in the communication with the Great Spirit, which is the ultimate goal of the meeting. Peyotism is, indeed, a unique religion. The members of the Native American Church take this powerful medicine in order to communicate directly with the Great Spirit. They follow a strict ethical code and believe that peyote will help them understand their lives more fully. I greatly admire the idea of reflecting on ones own situation in order to live a tranquil, honest life. The religion was formed as a way of unifying Native Americans and helping them accept and deal with the situation they are faced with. Peyotism has proven largely successful in achieving these goals, making it a wonderful thing for the indigenous people of this country. Works CitedAberle, David F. The Peyote Religion Among the Navajo. Vol. 52. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation, 1966. Crow Dog, Mary and Richard Erdoes. Lakota Woman. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. Hultkrantz, Ake. Native Religions of North America. San Francisco: Harper Row Publishers, 1987. Mercado, Leo. Peyote religion: Spiritual Soul Food. 8 Mar.1999. http://www.csp.org/nicholas/A57.html.

Blowing Smoke Essays - Smoking, Tobacco, Habits, Philip Morris

Blowing Smoke Blowing Smoke In the United States today, more than forty six million Americans are addicted to cigarettes. More people have died due to cigarette smoking than from narcotic drugs, World Wars I and II, and the Vietnam War combined (Bailey 1). The annual death toll for cigarette smoking is more than four-hundred thousand Americans a year, and is the number-one preventable cause of death in the United States. If Americans are aware of the lethal effects of smoking, why is it still so popular? Guy Smith, a Phillip Morris Tobacco Company executive, claims that their research shows that advertising is the top reason people start smoking (Bailey 34). Most people will argue that this is not true because the do not like to be sold and do not like to admit advertising affects them. Despite their claims, more Americans buy brand name and heavily advertised products than any other country in the world (Bailey 33). Smoking in the mass media is advertised and portrayed in such a way that it is attractive to th e public but does not warn about its harmful effects. The media also targets children and teenagers with cartoon advertisements and by putting them in areas that are attractive you young minds. Tobacco companies recognize the harmful effects of their products, but deny that their advertisements play any part in creating a desire to smoke. William Hobbs, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Chief Executive Officer, explains, Advertising played no part in encouraging people to smoke, so therefore I have no responsibility to urge them not to smoke (Bailey 205). Phillip Morris Tobacco Company uses a friendly familiarity ploy to attract smokers and portrays smoking as a socially acceptable practice. In their advertisements, people can be seen laughing and smoking in a crowded restaurant, but Phillip Morris claims they have never created the idea that smoking is a fun or popular thing to do (Bailey 207). A major issue today in tobacco advertisement is the controversy over ads targeting children and teenagers. The two companies under the most fire for their advertisements are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional Marlboro Man, while Camel uses a high rolling and sophisticated cartoon character, Joe Camel. Camel has been attacked by several Tobacco-free organizations as a major influence on children. Dr. Lonnia Bristow of the American Medical Association remarks, To children, cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing children under ten to begin smoking, but choose not to stop creating them (Thomas). Researchers have conducted studies that show six year olds recognize Joe Camel as well as they recognize Mickey Mouse. Every industry denies that their advertising goal targets people under twenty-one, and they claim their goal is to simply promote brand switching and brand loyalty (Breo). Jeff Pearlman sums up the attitude of the tobacco and advertising industries by saying, Is the use of a cartoon character in an ad proof that you are targeting children? If so, what about the Pink Panther selling insulation or Snoopy promoting insurance? (Bill Clinton...). The media and the entertainment industries have a major impact on smoking. With the help of movies and television, smoking seems cooler than ever. In the popular movie, My Best Friends Wedding, superstar Julia Roberts smoking habit seems glamorous and appealing to the viewers and, in past generations, smoking was romantic when Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart smoked together (Trillin 2). Smoking in the movies is not only seen as glamorous and romantic, but it is also associated with stress reduction, or a relaxing activity (Bailey 39). The high rate of smoking in films has been the result of tobacco companies paying producers to place their brand of cigarettes in their movies since the 1930s (Bailey 39). In 1967, the Fairness Doctrine required equal time for smoking and anti-smoking advertisements on television. During this time, the amount of smoking in the United States went down considerably and Americans became more aware of health issues. In January of 1971, all radio and television tobacco advertisements were banned from the airways. Since the anti-smoking advertisements had to leave the air as well, smoking numbers rose again, proving that advertising

I Have a Story to Tell

I Have a Story to Tell The email I received read like this: I have an incredible story to write and need guidance as I have never done this before. This was not a spur of the moment decision. Could you please contact me. Such emails are a daily presence in my email. Its difficult to explain to a new writer, who sees writing as not all that difficult to master because, after all, theres so much of it out there, that good writing takes time. So many think a good story is good writing. So many think good writing is in the genes. So many think if you write long enough to produce 50,000 words, youve earned the right to publish. At the same time, I know many people have a great story to tell. Fiction, nonfiction, memoir . . . they want their tale distributed to the masses. Many are afraid to think it will make money, but they dare to hope so. Who am I to dash those hopes? The following is close to what I tell people who dare to make themselves vulnerable enough to write their story: 1) First of all, do not even think about publishing yet. Your job is to learn how to write, which is not a quick task. Give this a long-term goal so you do it justice. 2) Read successful books in your genre so you can see what has worked before you. Keep reading them. Never stop reading them. Realize you always have something to learn about how to write better. 3) Get your hands on a couple of how-to writing books, such as those at https://fundsforwriters.com/resources/ . I stand 4) Try to outline the story. It has to read like a novel, even if it might be a memoir. Beginning, middle, end like a three-act play. Learn what that means. Always outline your first book so you can determine if there is a journey worth telling. Writing 5) Start writing. No backstory to start with . . . just start writing where the problem, action, issue begins. Much like you would tell a story at a face-to-face gathering. 6) Write daily. Writing is not something you do like a hob 7) Try writing short stories about your subject matter. Books are for the seasoned writer. You might find that these stories could become chapters in your book. You will learn which chapters are crap and dont need to be published. Not all writing should be published. Frankly, as you are learning, youll learn later that maybe a tenth of what you write can be polished into something worth reading. It might feel wasted, but its not. Without sifting through the refuse, you never find the gold. 8) Find a critique group, either online or in person. Attached is a list of where to start looking online. www.AbsoluteWrite.com/forums   www.MyWritersCircle.com   http://mwf.ravensbeak.com/ www.GreatWriting.co.uk www.CritiqueCircle.com www.Critique.org   www.InkedVoices.com www.ladieswhocritique.com/get-started/faqs/ www.TheNextBigWriter.com www.Scribophile.com   www.SFNovelist.com www.WritersCafe.org www.Writers-Network.com/site/about   www.Writing.com www.Wattpad.com www.internetwritingworkshop.org/ Take your time. Give it a couple years or more if this is your first effort. Once written itll need serious editing. Then, and only then, will you consider how to publish traditional or indie or whatever is new at the time. You cannot think of that now because publishing will change before you get this manuscript ready. Sothis is how you start. Good luck with it.

Gender Discrimination Problem in US Orchestra Company Research Paper

Gender Discrimination Problem in US Orchestra Company - Research Paper Example Any case on sexual harassment needs immediate action to be taken by the authority. They should be encouraged to undertake positions of leadership in order to instill equality of opportunity. The previous paper has already raised the instance of gender bias in the United States especially in the orchestra companies or the music industry. Several instances of discrimination take place especially with respect to promotion, hiring or even granting of leaves. Since compliance with local laws is a major requirement of corporate social responsibility sometimes corporate social responsibility (CSR) norms might be in a dilemma when local laws permit some form of discrimination. This is mainly the case with corporate houses having offices around the world. CSR norms look forward to avoiding or overrule any kind or expression of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, etc (Idowu, & Filho, 2009, p. 39). Women working in the male domain are often assumed to be overly ambitious. Problems might arise when the woman begins asking for maternity leaves. The Philadelphia case mentioned in the previous paper highlights one of the major outcomes of such gender bias – sexual harassment. The lawsuit in case of the Philadelphia Orchestra Company suggests that the issue of gender bias and rather sexual harassment has not been given adequate importance by the company. Instead of making an attempt to deal with the case the victim, Kathleen was compelled to resign the orchestra with a certain sum of money as compensation. The company was more worried about the unity about workforce rather than business ethical conduct. The equal work situation is a basic issue to be taken care of by a corporate house in order to maintain business ethics. After conducting a primary survey and some background research on the issue it is now time to analyze the problem and put forward some solutions to this problem.

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example It is normally because of a risk or illegality, which arms others The employee has received no satisfactory reason from their immediate supervisors and he has exhausted all the channels available within the company, including going to the board of directors (GJALT & JOB, 2008). The employee has documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial observer and that his or her concern for public safety is correct and the company product or action is likely to cause serious and considerable public harm (GJALT & JOB, 2008). Loyalty according to similes dictionary is the act of binding yourself intellectually or emotionally to a course of action while integrity is the quality of always behaving according to the moral principles that you believe in so that people respect and trust you or behaving according to the rules and standards of your job (ROSS, 2008). Loyalty to clients or to one’s own integrity versus loyalty to the organization, the general public, professional standards, and family and friends may prove to conflict and bring tension between the need to prevent abuses and preserve trust of an individual. Trust is a vital tension point in whistle blowing and a key source of ambiguity (ROSS, 2008). However, at times, loyalty to peers and the organization can be blind or misplace, and thus ceases to be a virtue because harm, rather than good can come from it. The Public Disclosure Act 1998 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that protects whistleblowers from detrimental treatment by their employer (HOBBY, 2010). Influenced by various financial scandals and accidents, along with the report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, the bill was introduced to Parliament by Richard Shepherd and given government support, on the condition that it become an amendment to the Employment Rights Act 1996 (HOBBY, 2010). After receiving the Royal Assent on

Effect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu Valley

Effect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu Valley Clean air is necessary for human health. Human body needs approximately 25 kg of air per day to keep up its requirement of oxygen (CEN, 2002). It replicates signifies the importance of air to human beings and any contamination in the air will have a direct impact on our health. Pure air consists 21% of oxygen 78% of nitrogen and 1% other gases. If the air composition is altered by the increase in concentration of certain gases or by intrusion of non-gaseous components like particulate matters, then the air is understood to be polluted and the components that alter the inherent compositional property of air are termed as air pollutants. Air pollution affects almost all aspects of the environment including the biota and the physical components where they strive on. A variety of sources have been identified as the components of the air pollution and they include both the natural and anthropogenic sources of origin; however, the anthropogenic sources of air pollution are more pronounced. Anthropogenic air pollutants are more harmful and include Particulate matter (PM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Ozone (O3) and Hydrocarbons (HCs). (CEN, 2002) Air pollution is a big issue all over the world mainly in urban areas because of fossil fuel driven transportation system.. Besides this, the unmanaged booming of urban settlements has helped to increase the concentration of air pollutants by limiting their horizontal dispersion thereby interfering with the health of people. Mainly, children, elderly and the patients of lungs and heart are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. According to Asian Development Bank (2001), in the South Asian Cities, approximately 100,000 premature deaths every year is caused by the detrimental effects of air pollution. Air Pollution in Kathmandu The issue of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley is continuously drawing the attention of concerned bodies and the gravity of the problem is growing year by year. Owing to the topography of Kathmandu Valley, growing population, haphazard urbanization and increase in vehicle density imparted as an effect of affluence and need to serve the growing population, the valley has been facing worse situation of ambient air every year. However, the issue of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley doesnt bear a long history as the development of road networks and history of transportation system in the valley do not have the long history either. Many researches and the discourse held within the country on air pollution has identified the transportation system and linked with it, the poor situation of the infrastructure as the root causes of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Regarding the dominant air pollutant of Kathmandu, it is Particulate Matter (PM), the concentration of which is observed higher d uring night in the winter due to the creation of inversion layer which acts as the blanket to trap pollutants. The PM concentration in Kathmandu has always exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard and National Ambient Air Quality Standard of Nepal. Besides particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) the concentration of other pollutants are not a major issue in Kathmandu Valley. Gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and SO2 are generally within standards but the concentration of NO2 is fairly high in areas with heavy traffic and this has the potential of future increase with further increase in number of vehicles operating within the valley. Another potential concern is the concentration of air toxins such as benzene and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The concentration of benzene is within national standards but the national standard of 20 µg/m3 is itself fairly high. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PAH, monitoring done in 2003 indicated fairly high levels of these pollutants in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007) PM2.5 is considered to be more hazardous than PM10. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PM2.5, some monitoring has been carried out for PM2.5 in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007) Statement of Problem Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal is the focus of all the major facets of the country, namely economy, tourism, culture, politics, administration and natural environment. Due to the above reasons, the population of Kathmandu valley is increasing day by day. Apart from this, the infrastructure development has never been able to keep up with the unmanaged and accelerating growth. As a result, this has led to increase in slums, inadequate and polluted drinking water supply, polluted air to breathe, haphazard manner of dumping the solid waste in the neighborhoods. Every people have right to breath clean air. Increase in population, vehicular fleet, energy consumption and industries, mainly brick industries have contributed to degrade air quality in Kathmandu valley. Overall, the bowl or the cup shaped topography of the valley also has prevented the dispersion of air pollutants to longer distances. Research questions: The research will address following issues: 1. What is the main air pollution facing by local people in Kathmandu valley? 2. What are the main institutional changes that have been made to control the air pollution? 3. What are strength and weakness of these institutional changes? 4. What further policy measures should be instituted to reduce air pollution to acceptable levels? 2. Background Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. The Kathmandu valley consists of three major cities i.e Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu Valley is situated in 27 ° 3730 N and 27 ° 450 N latitude and 85 ° 15 ´0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ E and 85 ° 22 ´30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ E longitude. And the Kathmandu valley is located at an altitude of 1350meters. The Kathmandu valley is oval shaped and surrounded by high hill range. And the area of Kathmandu valley is 340 sq.km and the total population of Kathmandu valley is 1,442,271(CBS 2001). The climate of Kathmandu valley is sub tropical temperate. Along with it have four seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. In general, average temperature in summer is 32 °c and in winter is 5 °c. Due to economic activity and high chances of opportunities and facilities many people from all around the country has been migrated in the Kathmandu valley and is been highly dense. Air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley has been one of the major problems. It can be said that air pollution started as the invention of road networks and automobiles. High population with unplanned and unmanaged urbanization, rapid increasing of automobiles, vehicles and industries are the factors in the causes of air pollution. http://www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif (Source: http://www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif, date:30th November 2010) According to the presentation given by traffic police, road length per traffic police has improved since 1995 from 2.3 km to 1.6 km that is good sign for better traffic management. Nevertheless, due to enormous rise in the number of vehicles in Kathmandu, the traffic police are laden with responsibilities of higher number of vehicles than they had to be for 1995. From 2002 to 2009, the total number of vehicles in Bagmati zone increased by 1.25 times than that was before 2002 from 176415 to 396151. The statistics show that the vehicles has progressively increased from 2002 to 2009, the only exception being at 2006/07 probably due to the cause of contemporary political situation. The number of vehicles for individual traffic police has increased from 165 in 1995 to 415 in 2008 i.e. more than 2.5 times. In reality, the number of vehicles a traffic police should look for is even higher because not all the traffic police within Kathmandu are in duty at the same time during a day. In the context of road length and vehicle numbers, the nominal increase in road length has resulted in crowding of roads. The population density per kilometer road length during 1995 was 1668 that rose to 2353 in 2008 while, the number of vehicles per kilometer road length in Kathmandu was 70 in 1995 that has risen by about four times i.e. 255 in 2008. Moreover, in case of Kathmandu the traffic congestion, in practice, is observed due to the inadequate road width and lack of proper identification of the road lane for vehicles moving from the opposite directions. The proper traffic management can thus be initiated with the demarcation of lane, which can, as additional benefit, reduce the vehicle collision and traffic accident. Figure : Comparison on Transportation Attributes for 1995 and 2005 (Source: Valley Traffic Control, 2009 where Blue colour shows 1995 and red is 2005) Causes of Air pollution: If any unwanted particles mixed in the air, it is called air pollution. It can cause for both human Well as environment also. Air pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid as well as gas form. They are may be either natural or artificial. Main artificial air pollutants are Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Volatile organic compounds, Particulate matters, ground ozone, ammonia etc. (Wikipedia). Sources of artificial air pollution are as follows: i) Rapid Urbanization ii) Vehicular emission iii) Industrial growth iv) Unmanaged disposal of waste etc. 3. THEORY 3.1 Concept of Institution: An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order or it may bee said as a set of some formal rules, regulation and norms of some formal rules, regulation and norms formulated to establish the smooth running society or to govern the behavior of human being in the society. Institutions are formed to formalize the society and to show the human being to act as a social animal. It is the outcome of the society and can be said as the need in the human community to harmonize the behavior of the people. The term institution is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service (Stanford Encyclopedia: social institutions). Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identifies as Institution may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergency, that is institution arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self organizations, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual human involved (http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/institution#aspects_of_institutions, 28th nov. 2010). The institution that has been established to enhance the quality of ambient air quality in Kathmandu is the outcome of the result from the air pollution. Those are not demand of the people but the result of the problem. The banning of two stroke vehicles in Kathmandu, banning of brick kiln factories was not in favor of people. It just hit on the head of the poor people in the society, but that was the outcomes of the problems not as the intentional outcomes. 3.2 Resource Use and Resource Regimes: Those goods which consists of a natural or human made resource system whose size or characteristics makes it costly but not impossible to exclude the people from getting benefits from its use are generally known as common-pool resource (CPR) or it may be called as common-property resources. Since the common-pool resources are open access, there is the problem off congestion or over use. Unlike public goods, they are subtractable. A common pool resource for example air is a large stock but only provides the limited quantity of extractable unit and over use will create problems as we are here to discuss the air pollution in Kathmandu. A common property regime is a particular social arrangement regulating the preservation, maintenance, and consumption of a common pool resource. The use of the term Common property resource to designate a type of good has been critized, because common pool resource is not necessarily governed by common property regimes.(http://en.wikkipedia.org/wiki/commo n/pool/resource,date26th Nov.2010). Example may be taken as the air in Kathmandu which is the common pool resources. It allows certain amount of pollutants but beyond this the gets polluted. There will be various consequences as it gets polluted. Because the core resource is vulnerable, it is subjected to congestion, over use and ultimately pollution. Any system has their own certain capacity to cope with the change and beyond that the system gets disturb and in case off air in Kathmandu, situation came due to the dramatic increase in population and excessive use of vehicles that run by the fossil-fuels. The use of common pool resources can be continuously done as the loop if they are managed properly and carefully exploited because they form the positive feedback loop since they are stock variable but the haphazard use of it deteriorates the stock and disrupt the flow variable for good. 3.2.1 Resource Use in Kathmandu: Open access Market Effect of distribution No rules As shown in the above figure, the air in the Kathmandu was open access and there was no any rules concerning the use of it and the ownership for it. As the time passes, there araised several agents and market introduced. The outcome of the dramatic increase in the population in the city results in the excessive use of vehicles for the transportation system. Unfortunately those vehicles are run by fossil fuel which when used emit air pollutant in the atmosphere. So there is the pollution problem in the valley. Now government has their head towards it and they are formulating institution to enhance thee quality of it. Though the air in the valley is open access but there are some rules concerning the use of it. Thee government have introduced green tax, banning of diesel running three wheelers etc. Now the system approaches where it is still the open access but with market, shown in the figure above. There are some rules concerning the use of it and hence thee distributional have came into action in this case. 3.3 Framework for Analyzing for resource use problem Air in the Kathmandu valley is common property and is open access. At the time passes, the technology has developed as well as the population of city increase dramatically. This is partly due the centralization and civil war in Nepal. If the natural resources was vast compare to the capacity of people to use it, there could be no problem (vatn, 2005), but here the thing is just opposite to that. Technology Attributes of the resources: Outcomes -resource use -state of resource Agents and aagents choices Patterns of interaction Institutions- regimes Convention Norms Formal rules (Source: Vatn, 2005,) (Figure: Framework for analyzing resource use problems) Finally this aspect has influence has chose new institution and government of Nepal formulated some rules and regulation for the enhancement of air quality in Kathmandu valley. Along with this, different Medias, NGOs, INGOs are involved to motivate people regarding air pollution. The institution such as banning of two stock vehicles, relocation of Himal cement factory, introduction of green tax was introduced. Although there are many such many rules regulation and acts came into existence but some the institution lack third party control system. The government formulated the rules and people were not seemed to walk along with this change. Since there was lack of third party no body were there to check and control the implementation of such policies. With regards to institution we may also distinguish between operational rules, rules concerning the defining of operation rules and finally external arrangement / rules. The operational rule defines the everyday regulation regimes. (Vatn, 2005). The next important factor to take into consideration is agents and agents choice. Here the structure of institution greatly helps to motivate the people. Institution in Nepal was so formed that people were motivated and aware of air pollution and its impact to some extent. But the technology did not fit the resource use. As being the developing county the people do not have any option rather than to use fissile fuels as the main source of energy for the transportation system. At the same time dramatic increase in population in the city force to consume more fuel energy and Kathmandu valley stood first in position in term of vehicle registration in Nepal. So the air being the open access was very vulnerable to risk. Eventually due interaction of technology and choice of agents the problem of air pollution came in the valley. There difficulties are mainly due to four factors. Basically regime is not able to motivate correlation action in accordance with what is demanded given resource characteristic, technology, number of agents and corruption by the government official. Corruption is so deep rooted that one can easily break up the institution formulated by the state. This can be seen as the drawback of the system or the lack of motivation. If outcomes are not in accordance what is expected or wanted agents can change institutional structures. In principal this may occur at all level, with regards to conventions, norms and formal rules (Vatn, 2005). However, changing such rules and regulation certainly need considerable time and result of such change to the institution can only be noticed after some period of time. 3.4 Air as a common pool resource in Kathmandu Goods or resources can be generally classified into two groups. They are Excludable or Non-excludable and Rivalry or Non Rivalry. When a person or a firm can set a barrier on his/her property like land to prevent the use of it by other are called excludable goods and those where the demarcation is not possible are called non-excludable goods. When the goods at one time prevent the use off same good simultaneously by other is called rivalry goods and on the other hand, just like air, the of which can never stop other to use it at the same time is called non-rivalry goods or resource. Exclusion costs (TCs) Low High I III II IV Yes Rivalry in use or consumption No (Source: Vatn, 2005, pp 263) (Fig: Characterization of resources or goods according to the cost of exclusion and rivalry in use or consumption). While goods of type I are typically labeled Private goods, type II and type IV are called goods and public goods, respectively. With regards to type III, common-pool-resourceis an often used concept. In the tradition of leaping of resource characteristics to regime implication, type I is often equated with private property and markets, II with clubs, III with standard common property or open access and IV with state/public property. (Vatn, 2005, pp 263) 3.4.1 Rivalry goods As we are discussing about the in the Kathmandu valley, it can bee seen that the resource is rivalry type. In Kathmandu valley, different types of factories, industries, vehicles are continuously meeting the air pollutant which ultimately invited the pollution problem and all the citizens are suffering from it. In the case of rival goods, the core problem is that of external effect. This is typically the case for many environmental resources where use-at least beyond the certain level-reduce its quantity and/or quality (Vatn, 2005, pp263). Therefore air in case of Kathmandu valley can be considered as rival goods. 3.4.2 Non-Excludable goods When the goods are private or owned by certain people or organization, than the demarcation is very easy that means transaction cost is very low. But when thee goods or resources are open access or common property, the exclusion cost is very high because the typical demarcation is not possible. In this case, air is common property and everybody in the city can use it undoubtly and the transaction cost is very high 3.5 Mechanism to reduce air pollution: The pollution problem in Kathmandu can be seen as the outcome of excessive energy used and technological development. This can simply be framed as follows: Production Input Output 3.5.1 Taxation input Basically the major pollution problem in the valley is due to the excessive use of the vehicles which are runes by the petroleum products. So air pollution can be reduced by introducing the tax in the fossil fuel. This is the best way because there is low transaction cost in doing so. High tax in the fule wills automatically reduce the use of private vehicles and the public vehicles uses will be increased to the considerable extent. 3.5.2 Taxation in production and technology On the other hand, this can be done by introducing the tax in the technology that means motor car, private vehicles, and factories, industries which use energy and emit the pollutants in the air and also providing the subsidy to those who use bicycle or electronic means of transportation. As the government of Nepal is doing , banning of diesel running three wheelers, two stock vehicles are also the way to enhance the air quality to some extent. This is a very simple way and there is low transaction cost in introduction such institutions but this dominantly hit the poor in the society. 3.5.3 Taxation in Output There is another way of controlling the air pollution but the transaction cost in very high in doing so. The introduction of emission tax can be very good way to enhance the air quality. Here the transaction cost will be fairly very high. 4. Methods For fulfilling the study objectives, a systematic study approach was followed. The major base for research founded with the collection of relevant secondary data and information from various national and international sources. The field-based study could not be done. The following process are done: Literature Review Secondary Data Collection Data Analysis Draft Report Preparation Final Report Dissemination 5. Analysis Increasing number of vehicles without extension of roads is diagnosed to be the major problem in Kathmandu. The growth of the vehicles in Kathmandu is a major concern to traffic police, vehicle drivers, and pedestrians. From the result, it is observed that the road length of Kathmandu is increasing very nominally while the numbers of vehicles are increasing with an exceptional growth rate and it ultimately help to increase air pollution. 5.1 Causes of Air Pollution Air pollution causes by both anthropogenic as well as natural sources. Anthropogenic source is the main cause in Kathmandu valley than that of natural source. Mainly fossil fuel combustion and other activities like brick factories, unmanaged road system, stone grinding factories are added pollution. Vehicle system is the main source to emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide. Approximately 67 percent of Particulate matter is supplied by vehicular emission in Kathmandu valley. 5.1.1 Sources of air pollution Sources of air pollution are of two types: Natural and artificial. Main sources of artificial air pollution are as follows: A) Rapid Urbanization: Kathmandu valley has very fertile land, but nowadays it is known as unmanaged urban area. The main cause of this is Kathmandu-centric development and migration of people due to insurgency and political conflict. It is the biggest city of the Nepal and about 20 percent urban people live here. The population increase rate here is as twice as national rate of 2.2%. (ICIMOD, 2007). B) Vehicular Emission: It is the main source for air pollution. According to the Department of Transportation and Management, Government of Nepal, the first bus service in Nepal commenced in1957 and since then the fleet has grown substantially. The cumulative vehicular number in Bagmati zone (administrative zone where the vehicles of Kathmandu Valley are registered) was 176,415 in 2001 and it reached 396,151 in 2008. Most of the vehicles registered in Bagmati zone is used in Kathmandu valley. This record shows the rapid increment of vehicles in Kathmandu valley. Vehicle number in Kathmandu has been increasing rapidly in the last five years. C) Industrial Emissions: About two-fifth industries in Nepal are located in Kathmandu valley. According to the Department of Cottage and small industries, there were 14,971 up to 2006. Out of them, 111 are brick kilns and 89 are stone crushers. They contribute 14% of the total particulate matter in Kathmandu valley. Management of solid waste is another problem which also causes air pollution and vulnerable to health. (ICIMOD,2007) 5.1.2 Effects of air pollution The effect of air pollution is high in human health. High exposure in air pollution may cause chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, asthma and other respiratory problems. It also affects cardio vascular system and nervous system (Lahiri, 2003). Particulate matter is the main problem of Kathmandu, which not only affects the health but also the tourism industry. Due to the poor health, human productivity is also loss. All these impacts finally affect the economic system of individual as well as of state. The long term study of health impact due to air pollution is yet to be conducted in Kathmandu Valley. However, Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN) surveyed about 60 children who were working as staffs on three-wheelers in valley and result showed that 84% staffs were suffering from eye problem, 82% chest pains, 66% were suffering from coughs and 58% by headaches. Similarly 45% children were suffering by respiratory problem. Shakya S conducted a study incorporating questionnaires to the traffic police. He observed that out of 90 traffic police, most of them were suffering from diseases related to nervous and respiratory systems. Similarly, Clean Energy Nepal (CEN) also did a questionnaire survey for the people who live near to the brick industries and in control area. The study revealed that 54% out of surveyed people near to the brick kiln were suffering from respiratory problem and 41% people in the control area were affected by respiratory disorder. The other problems due to air pollution are as follows: Acid rain Ozone layer depletion Reduction of visibility In context of Kathmandu, the issues of acid rain and ozone layer depletion are not very significant as both of these issues are the outcomes of the heavy industrial pollution. The formation of the photochemical smog and acid droplets due to hydration of the SOx and NOx are not well defined in the pollution status of the ambient air of Kathmandu. As mentioned in the earlier sections the concentrations of both these gases are well below the standards set by the Government of Nepal and WHO. However, regarding the visibility the problem perpetuates in Kathmandu during all seasons with even more pronounced effects during the winters when temperature inversion takes place. The visibility problem is basically caused by the particulate matters and the problem subsides only during the periods of heavy rainfall. 5.2. Policies and institutional arrangements for managing emissions from motor vehicles: A number of programs have been done to fight against the air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Some are given below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1991, government stopped to register three-wheelers. It was the first response related to air pollution of Kathmandu valley. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1994, government place emission standards for in-use vehicles. Green stickers were given those vehicles which met emission values. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ministry of Population and Environment was established in 1995. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmet Protection Act 2000 and Rules were enacted in 1997. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1998, the government formulated NVMES in 2000; these standards, equivalent to EURO-I emission norms, went into effect from January 2000. All new means of transportation imported from abroad since then have had to meet the terms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1997 the government decided to provide financial support to battery-operated electric three-wheelers. It was given in the form of tax breaks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1999, diesel three-wheelers were banned in Kathmandu Valley. Similarly it was banned in other cities also. Vehicle owners were given tax incentive to buy new vehicles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In November 2000, the government decided to ban public vehicles older than 20 years. Similarly it banned all two stroke vehicle in Kathmandu Valley. The policy was followed from 16 November, 2001. Government tried to follow this rule strictly but was unable to put into practice the decision. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In late 2000, two-stroke motorcycle registration was restricted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The vehicle run by LPG and CPG (compressed natural gas) was improved from 2000. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 2001, government decided adds 10% extra tax for the vehicle having older than 15 years. This is the first case that government linked between tax and vehicle age. It helped to discourage the use of older vehicles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 2001, The National Transport Policy was formulated. This policy is directly related to clean transportation system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 2003, the National Ambient Air Quality System for various air pollutants was established. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-stroke three-wheeler vehicles were banned from 2004 in the Kathmandu Valley. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Government closed Himal Cement Factory to control the air pollution which was situated near the valley. (Source: Dahal, 2006) Government has formulated and applied many rules and regulations to address the air pollution of Kathmandu valley, but the graph below shows that the main air pollutants Total Suspended Particulates (Particulate matters) is increasing every year. (Source: MoEST Report 2006) 5.3. Strength and weakness of these institutional changes: It is found that reforms in existing institutional set up is likely to bring some positive impact on the air quality of Kathmandu valley. Removing two stroke vehicles from the valley have reduced the air pollution as well as noise pollution. It has also helped to reduce the energy consumption because the two stroke vehicles use more fuel than other. However, the rules and regulations are no implemented because of the political instability and corruptions. The economic condition of the country has also impacted on the implementation the institutions because the government has not allocated sufficient fund for environment. In Nepal there is separate ministry dealing with environment (Ministry of Environment), however, the establishment of the local authority like environment department and its associated regional and district bodies, to effectively deal with the problems related to environment has not been materialized yet, even after more than a decade has passed with the establishmen t of environment ministry. The establishment of environment department is still in the stage of planning and government has made efforts to establish it in near future, but according to the government financial constraint